Comparative chloroplast genome analysis of Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) in the karst area of China: insights into genome evolution and phylogenomic implications

Abstract Background Impatiens L. is a genus of complex taxonomy that belongs to the family Balsaminaceae (Ericales) and contains approximately 1000 species. The well known for its economic, medicinal, ornamental, horticultural value. However, knowledge about germplasm identification, molecular phylogeny, chloroplast genomics limited, taxonomic uncertainties still exist due overlapping morphological features insufficient genomic resources. Results We sequenced genomes six different species ( chlorosepala, fanjingshanica, guizhouensis, linearisepala, loulanensis, stenosepala ) in karst area China compared them with those previously published contrasted repeat sequences, assessed sequence divergence constructed phylogenetic relationships. Except I. alpicola, pritzelii glandulifera , complete ranging size from 151,366 bp alpicola 154,189 Hydrocera triflora encoded 115 distinct genes [81 protein-coding, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA), 4 ribosomal (rRNA) genes]. Moreover, characteristics long sequences simple repeats (SSRs) were determined. psbK-psbI, trnT-GGU-psbD, rpl36-rps8, rpoB-trnC-GCA, trnK-UUU-rps16, trnQ-UUG, trnP-UGG-psaJ, trnT-UGU-trnL-UAA, ycf4-cemA identified as hotspot regions thus might be suitable identification studies. Additionally, relationships based on Maximum likelihood (ML) Bayesian inference (BI) whole showed genome structure guizhouensis represents ancestral state family. Conclusion Our study provided detailed information nucleotide diversity hotspots types repeats, which can used develop markers applicable also reconstructed analyzed some their statuses genomes. Together, findings current provide valuable resources systematic evolution